Nitrogen?Rich Carbonaceous Materials for Advanced Oxygen Electrocatalysis: Synthesis, Characterization, and Activity of Nitrogen Sites

Nitrogen-doped carbons are among the fastest-growing class of materials used for oxygen electrocatalysis, namely, reduction reaction (ORR) and evolution (OER), thanks to their low cost, environmental friendliness, excellent electrical conductivity, scalable synthesis. The perspective replacing precious metal-based electrocatalysts with nitrogen-doped carbon is highly desirable reducing costs in energy conversion storage systems. In this review, role nitrogen N-induced structural defects on enhanced performance N-doped toward OER ORR as well applications technologies summarized. synthesis characterization functional groups active sites also reviewed. electrocatalytic main types OER/ORR electrocatalysis then discussed. Finally, major challenges future opportunities advanced highlighted.